Donato Cremonesi

The mineral water and soft drink industry currently operates in an environment of intense competitive and regulatory pressure, where microbiological safety and sensory stability are not merely legal requirements but cornerstones of a brand’s reputation. In this context, the issue of biofilms represents one of the most complex and insidious technical challenges for manufacturers. A

Interaction between Pseudomonas spp. and Listeria: mechanisms of cooperation within the same biofilm. It is well established, based on numerous studies in the literature, that biofilm formation increases antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas spp. The bacteria living within the biofilm are protected by the extracellular matrix, which shields them from exposure to antimicrobials. This protection may